In verses 24-25 and 28-29, Paul taught that there is one Creator of all. Everything owes its source to him. All of us are God’s offspring, made in his image. God is not our offspring - a tribal god or a product of man’s imagination and art.
In verse 26a, Paul said, "And he made from one man every nation of mankind to live on all the face of the earth..." There is only one origin to the human race. We are all sons of Adam. We are ultimately one biological race. We have a shared history (the first 11 chapters of Genesis). We all inherit the image of God, with its dignity and honor, as well as the guilt and corruption of sin. In Adam’s fall, we sinned all. This unity in Adam should promote respect, sympathy, and humility.
In verse 26, Paul teaches that from this one man came a diversity of people - every nation of mankind on all the face of the earth. God said, “fill the earth,” dispersing them over the earth. He had them disperse as communities. Genesis 10 describes this dispersion: “in their lands, each with his own language, by their clans, in their nations” (10:5).
These people groups were bound together by location, language and culture, and family ties. The Bible realizes there are multiple factors that bring people together, and describes people groups with multiple terms like tribes, peoples, languages, nations, and lands. These things tied people together in communities for mutual support. It is good for people who live together to have a shared way of life. At the same time, none of this was immovable. People can assimilate into another culture. While it took effort, a person could move, learn a new language, marry someone of a different people or culture, or be adopted by a family or people (e.g. Gen. 12:1, Num. 12:1, Ruth 1:16, 2 Sam. 11:3).
Notice the difference between diversity of this kind and sex difference. During the creation week, God made from the man a woman. The sex difference is part of the creation order. Thus men and women are forever distinct and this distinction should not be blurred (Deut. 22:5). But the subsequent diversity of the peoples of mankind is is not rooted in creation, but develops in the course of God's providence and is more superficial and flexible. That there would be variety is natural, but the particular varieties are not fixed parts of the creation order.
Paul says in verse 26 that God made from one man every nation of mankind, "having determined allotted periods and the boundaries of their dwelling place..." As families seek a home to live in with boundaries, nations also seek homelands to dwell in with boundaries. National borders should be respected by all and wisely regulated by the civil authorities. But what does it mean that God determined their allotted periods and boundaries? It means that God is sovereign over the times and boundaries of the nations. This is neither a call to ethnic purity or to the abolition of borders, but a call to humility before God. Cultures and peoples change over time. They can improve or decline, they can expand or shrink, they can become prominent or marginalized, and they can develop over the generations, responding to their situations. But God is sovereign over it all. The earth is his, and he portions it out to the peoples as he desires (Deut. 2:1-12, 32:8). He uproots and he plants. He divides the peoples and gives them what they have. Each people owes its existence to God. No people is guaranteed its current position - not even ancient Israel was. God blesses the peoples and judges them.
Men error when they confuse existing providential conditions as static and fixed in nature, or as demonstrating their might and superiority. Let no one say with Nebuchadnezzar, “Is not this great Babylon, which I have built by my mighty power as a royal residence and for the glory of my majesty?” (Daniel 4:30), lest he be humbled like him. Let all flesh be humble and grateful before the Lord. “The LORD makes poor and makes rich; he brings low and he exalts” (1 Samuel 2:7).
Finally, in verses 27, 30-31, Paul makes the point that all peoples ought to seek their common Father, repent from their idols, and turn to the risen Christ. God’s intention was that all peoples should seek him. Even as they are united by common decent from Adam, so they are called to be united in the service of their common Creator through Jesus Christ. God now commands everyone everywhere to repent. Salvation is offered to all without partiality. Christ preaches peace to all peoples. Those who turn to him become fellow members of the household of God (Eph. 2:11-22). The church of Jesus Christ is composed of the redeemed from every tribe, tongue, and nation, with a Christian communion extended to everyone who calls upon the name of the Lord Jesus. This unity does not abolish national or ethnic distinctions, but it ought to bring about spiritual unity and fellowship among those of different nationalities; peace among the nations rather than ill-treatment of one another in thought, word, and deed; and the reformation of each one according to the word of God (Is. 2:1-5).
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